Cancer 101: What Every Patient Should Know

What is cancer?

A disease that is a result of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that spreads to other parts of the body that can affect tissues, organs, and normal bodily functions.

How does cancer develop?

• Generally, cancer starts with changes to DNA, particularly in sections of the DNA called genes.

• The genetically changed cells divide and multiply forming tumors as a result of uncontrolled growth.

• Cancer can be classified in stages marked by how much it grows and spreads.

Stage 1- Cancer is localized to a small area and has not spread to other areas or to the lymph nodes.

Stage 2: Cancer has grown but remains localized.

Stage 3: Cancer has grown and possibly spread to the lymph nodes or other tissue.

Stage 4: Cancer has spread to other areas and organs of the body. Can be called advanced or metastatic cancer.

How many types of cancer are there?

• There are over 200 types of cancer.

• They are classified based on where they originate or what tissue or organ they affect.

• Please note that traditional classifications do not consider more precise genetic sequencing of cancer. Two cancers that originate in the same location/tissue/organ may be genetically different and thus require different treatments.

What are common risk factors?

• Some factors like genetics (10%) affect the risk of getting cancer.

• Leading risk factors for preventable cancers include smoking, obesity, UV radiation from the sun or tanning bed, excessive alcohol consumption, and diet.

What are common symptoms?

• Symptoms greatly vary depending on the type and stage of cancer.

• Fatigue, unintended weight loss or gain, lump or area of thickening felt under the skin, change in skin color, changes in bowel or bladder function, persistent coughing, abnormal bleeding, and difficult breathing.

What types of support are available for cancer patients and families?

• Medical support ranges from oncologists to nurses and physician assistants administering conventional to alternative therapies.

• Psychological and emotional support can be offered by counselors, social workers, and support groups whose members have experienced or are currently experiencing similar circumstances.

• Financial and legal advisors can help navigate the complexities of caring for a cancer patient that includes insurance, billing, power of attorney, disability, employment, and finding financial assistance.

• Palliative care focuses on providing quality of life while hospice care helps patients and families during end of life transition.

• Nutritional support can help boost the positive impact of therapies and treatments.

• Physical and occupational therapy can help restore lost strength, mobility, and activity.

• Caregivers can find support via respite care services and community support groups.

• Transportation and lodging assistance can help or supplement those that have mobility or financial challenges.

• There are a host of non-profit organizations that provide support to those affected by cancer.